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RESEARCH PAPER
Phytoremediation potential of Calendula officinalis L. and Verbena hybrida for chromium detoxification in tannery wastewater
1
Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
3
State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
4
Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
5
Department of Biology, college of Science, princess Nourah bint Abddulrahman University P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Geography and Environemental Sustainability, College of Science, princess Nourah bint Abddulrahman University P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Final revision date: 2025-07-29
Acceptance date: 2025-08-12
Publication date: 2025-09-09
Corresponding author
Naila Hadayat
Department of Botany, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakista
Department of Botany, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakista
Int. Agrophys. 2025, 39(4): 489-504
HIGHLIGHTS
- Increased tannery wastewater reduced plant growth and photosynthetic pigments
- Chromium stress elevated oxidative markers and boosted antioxidant defenses
- Citric acid enhanced Cr uptake, photosynthesis, and stress tolerance in plants
- Calendula officinalis L. tolerated Cr; Verbena hybrida was an efficient extractor
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Chromium (Cr) contamination from tannery wastewater (TWW) poses significant environmental and health risks particularly in regions where untreated wastewater is commonly used for irrigation. This study explores the potential of ornamental plants, Calendula officinalis L. and Verbena hybrida , as promising species for Cr remediation. A completely randomized pot experiment with different TWW concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) with and without 5 mM citric acid (CA) was conducted. Seedlings were treated twice weekly with TWW for one month. Increasing the TWW concentration reduced growth parameters, such as shoot and root length, leaf number, and biomass, with the greatest decline at 100% TWW. Photosynthetic pigments decreased, while malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline levels increased. Antioxidant enzyme activities peaked at 50% TWW with CA. The highest Cr accumulation occurred at 100% TWW with CA, with C. officinalis L. accumulating 3633 mg kg-1 in roots and 2780 mg kg-1 in shoots, and V. hybrida accumulating 2965 mg kg-1 in roots and 3673 mg kg-1 in shoots. C. officinalis L. was identified as Cr-tolerant (translocation factor < 1), whereas V. hybrida served as a Cr-phytoextractor (bioconcentration and translocation factors > 1). These findings underscore the potential of these plants for sustainable Cr remediation in contaminated environments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project (PNURSP) for funding this research through project number (PNURSP2025R241). The authors are also grateful to the University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore for providing research facilities and institutional support.
FUNDING
This work was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers supporting project number PNURSP2025R241 Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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| eISSN: | 2300-8725 |
| ISSN: | 0236-8722 |
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