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RESEARCH PAPER
Foliar application of chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles improved the yield of pea
by modulating photosynthetic pigments, water status, and osmotic concentration
under water stress
1
Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Narowal, 3-KM Shakargarh Road, Narowal 51600, Pakistan
3
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
4
Environmental and Biomaterial Unit, Natural and Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
6
Department of Life Sciences, Western Caspian University, University, Baku, Azerbaijan
7
Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
8
College of Landscape Architecture, Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
9
Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
10
Department of Biology, University College of Umluj, University of Tabuk, Umluj, Tabuk, 46429, Saudi Arabia
11
Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
Final revision date: 2026-02-18
Acceptance date: 2026-02-20
Publication date: 2026-06-01
Corresponding author
Marek Gancarz
Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 116B, 30 149, Krakow, Poland
Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 116B, 30 149, Krakow, Poland
Int. Agrophys. 2026, 40(3): 321-337
HIGHLIGHTS
- Chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles has positive effects pea grown under drought
- CHT-ZnO NPs have potential to alleviate drought-induced damage in legumes
- Foliar applications improved physiological traits & yield under drought stress
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Among the various stresses affecting crop productivity, drought is a major challenge, particularly for leguminous crops like peas. The present study investigated the potential of chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (CHT-ZnO NPs) to enhance drought tolerance in Pisum sativum L. through foliar application. The nanoparticles were synthesized via ion gelation, characterized before application using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thereafter, CHT-ZnO NPs were applied to pea plants at concentrations of 200 ppm and 400 ppm as well as ZnSO4 under different drought stress levels as per treatment plan. The results demonstrated that CHT-ZnO NPs significantly enhanced physiological and yield attributes of tested plant, even under moderate to severe drought stress. Notably, the 200 ppm dose of CHT-ZnO NPs showed the most significant improvement in chlorophyll contents (42.8 to 31.9%) and overall yield (54.6 to 43.2%), compared to their respective control under moderate to severe drought (60 and 40% field capacity (FC), respectively), thereby mitigating the adverse effects of drought. These findings suggest that the foliar application of CHT-ZnO NPs could become a promising strategy to improve drought resilience in pea crops.
FUNDING
This work was funded by the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2026R101), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Authors Contributions: Conceptualization, AM, SI, KJ; methodology, AM, SI, KJ, AU,; software, MOA, SI, KJ; validation, KJ, AU, KKA, LG; investigation, MOA, MG; resources, AU, SI; writing original draft preparation, AM, AU, KJ, MHA, All authors, writing review and editing, AU, LG; supervision, SI, MG, MOA, KJ. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Collection of Plant Material/seeds: The meteor seeds used in this study were obtained from the local Shakargarh seed shop. Seeds were collected/purchased from Talib Fertilizers and Co. Iklaspur Road, Shakargarh (longitudes 32°15’38.7”N and longitudes 75°10’37.2”E) District, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
Data Availability Statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Collection of Plant Material/seeds: The meteor seeds used in this study were obtained from the local Shakargarh seed shop. Seeds were collected/purchased from Talib Fertilizers and Co. Iklaspur Road, Shakargarh (longitudes 32°15’38.7”N and longitudes 75°10’37.2”E) District, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
Data Availability Statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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