RESEARCH PAPER
Impact of tine stiffness and operational parameters on soil disturbance profiles: moisture content, speed, depth, width, and cross-sectional analysis of furrows by duckfoot tools
1
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
2
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Final revision date: 2024-12-22
Acceptance date: 2025-01-27
Publication date: 2025-05-21
Corresponding author
Aleksander Lisowski
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsawa, Poland
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsawa, Poland
Int. Agrophys. 2025, 39(3): 287-299
HIGHLIGHTS
- Tine stiffness affects furrow shape and soil disturbance efficiency
- Depth has a more significant impact on furrow dimensions than duckfoot width
- Flexible S-tines reduce soil disturbance but increase furrow uniformity
- Speed influences soil movement, with nonlinear effects on soil disturbance
- Moisture content alters soil cutting dynamics and tine vibrations
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to elucidate the effect of tine stiffness and operational parameters, such as speed, working depth, and soil moisture, on the effectiveness of soil disturbance with duckfoot tools. The experiments were carried out with three types of duckfoots attached to tines of different stiffness (S and Vibro Crop (VCO)) working in soil with a moisture content of 10 and 14% at three depths and three movement speeds. The width and depth of furrows, disturbed soil surface areas, and the loosening coefficient were analysed. The results showed that tine stiffness had a critical impact on the shape of the furrow and the efficiency of the tools, while the depth of work had a more substantial effect on the dimensions of the furrow than the width of the duckfoots. The use of the S-spring tine reduced soil disturbance, while the rigid VCO tine led to more uniform results at greater depths, confirming the hypotheses. The developed mathematical empirical model of the surface area of the soil disturbed in the form of a second-degree polynomial reflects the nonlinear relationship with the width and depth of the furrow well. These results can help to optimise agricultural tools in precision agriculture.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development and Kongskilde Poland Ltd., which is gratefully acknowledged.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES (48)
1.
Abo-Elnor, M., Hamilton, R., Boyle, J.T., 2004. Simulation of soil-blade interaction for sandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis. Soil Till. Res. 75, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-....
2.
Aikins, K.A., Barr, J.B., Ucgul, M., Jensen, T.A., Antille, D.L., Desbiolles, J.M.A., 2020. No-tillage furrow opener performance: A review of tool geometry, settings and interactions with soil and crop residue. Soil Res. 58, 603-621. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR1915....
3.
Aikins, K.A., Ucgul, M., Barr, J.B., Awuah, E., Antille, D.L., Jensen, T.A., et al., 2023. Review of discrete element method simulations of soil tillage and furrow opening. Agric. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/agricu....
5.
Balas, P.R., Makavana, J.M., Mohnot, P., Jhala, K.B., Yadav, R., 2022. Inter and intra row weeders: A Review. Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 41, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/....
6.
Ben-Noah, I., Friedman, S.P., 2018. Review and evaluation of root respiration and of natural and agricultural processes of soil aeration. Vadose Zo. J. 17, 1-47. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj201....
7.
Bender, S.F., Wagg, C., van der Heijden, M.G.A., 2016. An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for agricultural sustainability. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 440-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree....
8.
Bergmann, J., Verbruggen, E., Heinze, J., Xiang, D., Chen, B., Joshi, J., et al., 2016. The interplay between soil structure, roots, and microbiota as a determinant of plant-soil feedback. Ecol. Evol. 6, 7633-7644. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2....
9.
Bond, W., Turner, R.J., Grundy, A.C., 2003. A review of non-chemical weed management. Coventry. UK: HDRA, the Organic Association. http://www.organicweeds.org.uk, accessed 31/05/2021.
10.
Cirujeda, A., Melander, B., Rasmussen, K., Rasmussen, I.A., 2003. Relationship between speed, soil movement into the cereal row and intra-row weed control efficacy by weed harrowing. Weed Res. 43, 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365....
11.
Dziubek, T., Oleksy, M., 2017. Application of the ATOS II optical system in rapid prototyping techniques of gear wheel models obtained on the basis of epoxy resin. Polimery/Polymers 62, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.14314/polim....
12.
Edward, D.G.S., 2021. Modern tools in agricultural practices at nagapattinam district – field realities. Int. Res. J. Adv. Sci. Hub 3, 60-66. https://doi.org/10.47392/irjas....
13.
Eurocode 1, 2006. Part 4: Basis of design and actions on structures. Actions in silos and tanks. European Committee for Standardization, Amsterdam.
14.
Fielke, J.M., 1999. Finite element modelling of the interaction of the cutting edge of tillage implements with soil. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 74, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1....
15.
Fishkis, O., Weller, J., Lehmhus, J., Pöllinger, F., Strassemeyer, J., Koch, H.J., 2024. Ecological and economic evaluation of conventional and new weed control techniques in row crops. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee....
16.
Gautam, P.V., Agrawal, K.N., Roul, A.K., Mansuri, S.M., Subeesh, A., 2024. Predictive modelling of sweep’s specific draft using machine learning regression approaches. Soil Use Manag. 40, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12....
17.
Godwin, R.J., O’Dogherty, M.J., 2007. Integrated soil tillage force prediction models. J. Terramechanics 44, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jter....
18.
Gürsoy, S., Özaalan, C., 2023. Effects of the share types of an inter-row cultivator at different working depths on weed control and plant growth in cotton production. Agric. Sci. Technol. 15, 45-55. https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2....
20.
ISO11465, 1993. Soil quality – Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis – Gravimetric method. Int. Stand. 3.
21.
Jat, R.K., Lal Jat, M., Shivran, J.S., Kumawat, O.P., 2020. Crop Regulation: Need to be Good Quality and Higher Production of Fruit Crops. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 9, 486-492. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcma....
22.
Kaczorowska-Dolowy, M., 2022. Traffic and tillage effects on soil health and crop growth (Doctoral dissertation). Harper Adams University, Newport, UK.
23.
Karmakar, S., Kushwaha, R.L., 2006. Dynamic modeling of soil-tool interaction: An overview from a fluid flow perspective. J. Terramechanics 43, 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jter....
24.
Kouwenhoven, J.K., 1997. Intra-row mechanical weed control - Possibilities and problems. Soil Till. Res. 41, 87-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-....
25.
Kumagai, E., 2021. Agronomic responses of soybean cultivars to narrow intra-row spacing in a cool region of northern Japan. Plant Prod. Sci. 24, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/134394....
26.
Kumar, N., Upadhyay, G., Choudhary, S., Patel, B., Naresh, Chhokar, R.S., et al., 2023. Resource conserving mechanization technologies for dryland agriculture, enhancing resilience of dryland agriculture under changing climate: Interdisciplinary and convergence approaches. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98....
27.
Laker, M.C., Nortjé, G.P., 2020. Review of existing knowledge on subsurface soil compaction in South Africa. Adv. Agron. 162, 143-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agr....
28.
Lal, R., 2015. Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustain. 7, 5875-5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055....
29.
Lejman, K., 2015. Agricul ltural En gineerin ng Introduct tion Method of determination of parameters of the resultant force course and testing methods. Sci. Q. J. 4, 69-78.
30.
Lisowski, A., Klonowski, J., Green, O., Świetochowski, A., Sypuła, M., Struzyk, A., et al., 2016. Duckfoot tools connected with flexible and stiff tines: Three components of resistances and soil disturbance. Soil Till. Res. 158, 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stil....
31.
Mehra, P., Baker, J., Sojka, R.E., Bolan, N., Desbiolles, J., Kirkham, M.B., et al., 2018. A review of tillage practices and their potential to impact the soil carbon dynamics. 1st ed. Advances in Agronomy. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agr....
32.
Monteiro, A., Santos, S., 2022. Sustainable approach to weed management: The role of precision weed management. Agronomy 12, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrono....
33.
Moré, J.J., Sorensen, D.C., 1983. Computing a trust-region step. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 4, 553-572.
34.
Mwiti, F.M., Gitau, A.N., Mbuge, D.O., 2023. Effects of soil-tool interaction and mechanical pulverization of arable soils in tillage-a comprehensive review. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J. 25, 75-94. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4....
35.
Naruhn, G.P., Peteinatos, G.G., Butz, A.F., Möller, K., Gerhards, R., 2021. Efficacy of various mechanical weeding methods-single and in combination-in terms of different field conditions and weed densities. Agronomy 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrono....
36.
Pannacci, E., Lattanzi, B., Tei, F., 2017. Non-chemical weed management strategies in minor crops: A review. Crop Prot. 96, 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crop....
37.
Pullen, D.W.M., Cowell, P.A., 1997. An evaluation of the performance of mechanical weeding mechanisms for use in high speed inter-row weeding of arable crops. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 67, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1....
38.
Rahman, S., Chen, Y., 2001. Laboratory investigation of cutting forces and soil disturbance resulting from different manure incorporation tools in a loamy sand soil. Soil Till. Res. 58, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-....
39.
Schulze, D., 2010. Flow properties of powders and bulk solids (fundamentals). Powder Technol. 65, 321-333.
40.
Shmulevich, I., Asaf, Z., Rubinstein, D., 2007. Interaction between soil and a wide cutting blade using the discrete element method. Soil Till. Res. 97, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stil....
41.
Stasiak, M., Opaliński, I., Molenda, M., 2008. Bulk and microscopic properties of bulk plant and industrial materials. Part 1, Comparison of mechanical properties. Chem. Ind. 87, 199-202.
42.
Ucgul, M., Fielke, J.M., Saunders, C., 2015. Defining the effect of sweep tillage tool cutting edge geometry on tillage forces using 3D discrete element modelling. Inf. Process. Agric. 2, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa....
43.
Welsh, J.P., Tillett, N.D., Home, M., King, J.A., 2002. A review of knowledge: Inter-row hoeing and its associated agronomy in organic cereal and pulse crops. Res. Policy 15, 1-21.
44.
Yang, Y., Wu, J., Zhao, S., Mao, Y., Zhang, J., Pan, X., He, F., van der Ploeg, M., 2021. Impact of long-term sub-soiling tillage on soil porosity and soil physical properties in the soil profile. L. Degrad. Dev. 32, 2892-2905. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.38....
45.
Yazıcı, A., 2024. Wear on steel tillage tools: A review of material, soil and dynamic conditions. Soil Till. Res. 242, 106161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stil....
46.
Young, S.L., Pierce, F.J., 2014. Automation: The future of weed control in cropping systems, Automation: The Future of Weed Control in Cropping Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94....
47.
Zhang, J.H., Wang, Y., Jia, L.Z., Zhang, Z.H., 2017. An interaction between vertical and lateral movements of soil constituents by tillage in a steep-slope landscape. Catena 152, 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cate....
48.
Zhang, X., Chen, Y., 2017. Soil disturbance and cutting forces of four different sweeps for mechanical weeding. Soil Till. Res. 168, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stil....
| eISSN: | 2300-8725 |
| ISSN: | 0236-8722 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
