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REVIEW PAPER
Mapping mechanistic pathways of seed priming in maize (Zea mays L.): A systematic review
1
School of Architecture, Art and Design, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
2
Postgraduate Programme in Systems Engineering-Biophysical Systems, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
3
School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
4
Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
5
National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
Final revision date: 2026-01-07
Acceptance date: 2026-01-12
Publication date: 2026-02-10
Corresponding author
Claudia Hernandez-Aguilar
ESIME-Zacatenco, SEPI-Programa de Posgrado en Ingeniería de Sistemas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico
ESIME-Zacatenco, SEPI-Programa de Posgrado en Ingeniería de Sistemas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Int. Agrophys. 2026, 40(2): 173-202
HIGHLIGHTS
- Mechanistic pathways
- Physiological responses
- Genotype-stress interactions
- Maize (Zea mays L.)
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Seed priming is recognised as an effective approach to enhance stress resilience and crop performance in maize (Zea mays L.), however, the underlying mechanistic relationships remain insufficiently integrated. This review systematically synthesises the literature from 2020 to 2025, analysing how various priming agents, stress types, and maize genotypes are linked on the core biochemical and physiological pathways. The results reveal that all effective seed priming strategies converge on the rapid induction of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases, which form the primary defence against oxidative stress during early development. The specific priming agent determines the recruitment of auxiliary pathways, including hormone crosstalk, osmoregulation, ion homeostasis, and reserve mobilisation, which are engaged according to the prevailing stress condition. The genotype background modulates the extent, but not the direction, of physiological benefits, with tolerant lines consistently displaying superior outcomes. To encapsulate these multidimensional relationships, a Sankey diagram is presented, mapping the flow from the priming type through activated mechanisms to physiological responses and genotype outcomes. This integrative visual framework clarifies the hierarchical and context-dependent nature of seed priming in maize, serving as a practical tool for designing targeted, genotype-tailored interventions.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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